An improved edge detection method for interpreting gravity potential field data

Edge detection represents a critical task in potential field data interpretation and is extensively utilized for detecting faults, contacts, and other linear geological structures. However, conventional methods are constrained by several limitations, including inadequate balancing of signals with varying amplitude intensities, dispersed detection results, and insufficient suppression of spurious signals. To overcome these challenges, we propose an improved edge detection method, designated as the hyperbolic tangent (TANH) function with Gaussian envelope constraints on the total gradient modulus tilt angle (THASTG). The THASTG method is formally defined as a tilt angle approach based on the total gradient modulus, incorporating dual constraints through a Gaussian envelope and a TANH function. We initially conducted comparative analyses between the THASTG and established methods by using complex models simulating three distinct geological scenarios, thereby validating the feasibility of the methodology. Subsequent application to real gravity data from the South China Sea region demonstrated that compared with conventional techniques, THASTG yields enhanced structural detail, improved boundary resolution, and superior noise suppression. This method effectively suppresses noise interference and successfully avoids the introduction of spurious boundaries while maintaining consistency with previously documented major tectonic features. This study provides high-resolution structural constraints for the South China Sea region, delineates the offshore extension of the Red River Fault system, and accurately maps the continent–ocean boundary configuration. Our results demonstrate that the proposed methodology provides an effective tool for precise structural characterization and in-depth analysis of geodynamic evolution processes.