The global lithospheric field modeling based on MSS-1 and other satellites’ gradient data

We combine gradient data from the Macau Science Satellite-1 (MSS-1), CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP), Swarm-A, and Swarm-C satellites to develop a 110-degree lithospheric magnetic field model. We then comprehensively evaluate the performance of the model by power spectral comparisons, correlation analyses, sensitivity matrix assessments, and comparisons with existing lithospheric field models. Results showed that using near east–west gradient data from MSS-1 significantly enhances the model correlation in the spherical harmonic degree (N) range of 45–60 while also mitigating the decline in correlation at higher degrees (N > 60). Furthermore, the unique orbital characteristics of MSS-1 enable its gradient data to provide substantial contributions to modeling in the mid- to low-latitude regions. With continued data acquisition from MSS-1 and further optimization of data processing methods, the performance of the model is expected to improve.