Modulation of suprathermal electron fluxes by ultra-low-frequency magnetic field fluctuations in the Martian foreshock

Ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves are ubiquitous in terrestrial and planetary environments, playing a crucial role in energy transfer and dissipation through wave–particle interactions within space plasmas. By performing a detailed event study in terms of particle distribution maps and wave–particle variable correlation maps, we report that ULF waves observed by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft in the Martian foreshock can effectively modulate the suprathermal electron fluxes by the magnetic field fluctuations. In particular, the variations in electron fluxes at energies of ~10–100 eV are significant in the perpendicular direction, showing good relationships with changes in the wave field strength characterized by a correlation coefficient ~0.8. These findings demonstrate the generality of interactions of ULF waves with electrons, even at these low energies, highlighting the importance of such processes throughout the heliosphere.