| Citation: | Balachandran, R., Chen, L.-J., Wang, S. and Fok, M.-C. (2021). Correlating the interplanetary factors to distinguish extreme and major geomagnetic storms. Earth Planet. Phys., 5(2), 180–186. DOI: 10.26464/epp2021015 |
We investigate the correlation between Disturbance Storm Time (Dst) characteristics and solar wind conditions for the main phase of geomagnetic storms, seeking possible factors that distinguish extreme storms (minimum Dst <−250 nT) and major storms (minimum Dst <−100 nT). In our analysis of 170 storms, there is a marked correlation between the average rate of change of Dst during a storm’s main phase (ΔDst/Δt) and the storm’s minimum Dst, indicating a faster ΔDst/Δt as storm intensity increases. Extreme events add a new regime to ΔDst/Δt, the hourly time derivative of Dst (dDst/dt), and sustained periods of large amplitudes for southward interplanetary magnetic field Bz and solar wind convection electric field Ey. We find that Ey is a less efficient driver of dDst/dt for extreme storms compared to major storms, even after incorporating the effects of solar wind pressure and ring current decay. When minimum Dst is correlated with minimum Bz, we observe a similar divergence, with extreme storms tending to have more negative Dst than the trend predicted on the basis of major storms. Our results enable further improvements in existing models for storm predictions, including extreme events, based on interplanetary measurements.
The modern definition of the geomagnetic storm is characterized by a prolonged depression in the horizontal component of the Earth’s low-latitude magnetic field (Rostoker et al., 1997). This depression is caused by the ring current encircling the Earth in a westward direction (Kamide et al., 1998; Daglis et al., 1999). The Dst (Disturbance Storm Time) index is used to gauge the intensity of geomagnetic storms by measuring this overall ring current intensity (Iyemori, 1990) at low-latitude observatories.
The critical importance of the time derivative of Dst is manifested in part in its use for reconstructing global geomagnetic fields. The measurement of symmetric disturbances for the Horizontal geomagnetic field (SYM-H) is a de facto higher resolution Dst (Wanliss and Showalter, 2006) commonly utilized by the geospace modeling community to further the understanding of geomagnetic field dynamics. In Sitnov et al., (2008), the application of SYM-H and its time-related derivative were fundamental within their Nearest-Neighbor (NN) approach to spatially reconstruct the magnetosphere and identify storm phases. More recently, Stephens et al., (2019) built upon the NN approach, using SYM-H and its time derivative with the addition of the Auroral Electrojet Index Amplitude Lower (AL) and the AL time derivative to create 3-D models of magnetospheric stretching and dipolarization processes during substorm disturbances. Given the lengthy history of Dst usage, the focus of this paper is on the Dst metric over SYM-H, which was introduced in 1981, to ensure continuity and consistency across our storm analyses.
Two interplanetary factors that are widely thought to help drive the occurrence of geomagnetic storms are the solar wind convection electric field Ey and the southward component of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) Bz (e.g., Yokoyama and Kamide, 1997), in the Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric (GSM) coordinate system. A southward Bz component indicates beneficial conditions for the process of magnetic reconnection to occur at the magnetopause, with subsequent storage of energy in the magnetotail. The release of this stored magnetic energy due to magnetotail reconnection results in particle injections that form the ring current around the Earth, which in turn causes the depression in the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field (Lakhina and Tsurutani, 2017).
Many studies have investigated the empirical relationships between Dst and interplanetary factors, by using a basic form:
| $$ \frac{{\rm{d}}}{{\rm{d}}t} Dst^* \left(t\right) = Q \left(t\right)- \frac{{Dst^*}\left(t\right)}{\tau }, $$ | (1) |
where Dst* = Dst–
The effect of IMF Bz on storms has long been recognized. The strength of a geomagnetic storm and its main phase duration were found to be directly proportional to the strength and duration of the IMF Bz component (Vichare et al., 2005; Alex et al., 2006; Rawat et al., 2007, 2010). Gonzalez and Echer (2005) completed an extensive study with the conclusion that the driving Bz compo- nent at the Lagrange L1 location tends to reach its peak value about 2 hours before the peak minimum Dst, corresponding to about 1 hour for the solar wind conditions to propagate to the Earth and an additional hour for the magnetosphere to respond. Li et al., (2011) conducted a statistical analysis of 89 storms with minimum Dst ranging from −100 nT to −422 nT, between 1996−2008. In this analysis, they noted a close correlative relationship between the amplitudes of the peak Bz and peak Dst, before and after removing the solar wind dynamic pressure effect. In this paper, we build upon these earlier findings extending the analysis to include more recent events.
Despite great improvements in Dst models and investigations of solar wind conditions, there is a lack of understanding whether extreme storms differ qualitatively from major storms in Dst characteristics and interplanetary driving conditions. In this study, we analyze the relationships among minimum Dst, the time deriva- tive of Dst, the time duration of the main phase, the solar wind electric field, and IMF Bz, to elucidate features that distinguish extreme storms (minimum Dst < −250 nT) from major storms (−250 nT < minimum Dst < −100 nT).
The hourly averaged Dst data used in this study were acquired from the World Data Center for Geomagnetism, WDC-Kyoto. The hourly average solar wind parameters were acquired from the OMNI database for all except three extreme storms, where Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite data is substituted (shifted to the bow shock nose, according to the measured solar wind speed).
The primary period of interest for our analysis is from January 1967–August 2018, when solar wind data are available. We designated major storms as minimum −250 nT < Dst < −100 nT and extreme storms as minimum Dst < −250 nT, and selected 130 storms that fit into either of the two categories. An additional 40 geomagnetic storms during January 1957–May 1992 were used only for Dst-related calculations to further improve the statistical significance for extreme storms. In some events, Dst was found to exhibit two minima before returning to a quiet level. If there was marked separation and recovery between the relative minima, they were considered to be two storms. If the two Dst minima do not have a clear separation or recovery period, the storm is treated as a single event, which is classified as a Type 2 storm in Kamide et al., (1998).
All geomagnetic storm events were analyzed during their main phases, from the maximum Dst value before a significant decline to the absolute minimum of their Dst profiles. Storms that were separated into two events essentially were considered as two separate main phases. The interplanetary factors were analyzed during this same main-phase time frame, designated by using the Dst profiles.
We first examine how the average rate of Dst change during the main phase (ΔDst/Δt) varies as a function of storm strength (Figure 1a). The calculation of ΔDst/Δt was performed by taking the difference of the minimum Dst and relative maximum at the start of the main phase and dividing it by the time difference between the two points. All 170 storms are included in the analy- sis. Overall, ΔDst/Δt and the minimum Dst show a strong linear correlation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.66. The points with minimum Dst > −180 nT fall close to the linear trend line. However, as storms of greater strength are observed there are points deviating from the trend line with a stronger ΔDst/Δt. For example, the two events marked with red circles denote an extreme storm on 13 March, 2001 (ΔDst/Δt = −82.6 nT/h, minimum Dst = −387 nT) and a major storm on 15 May, 2005 (ΔDst/Δt = −59.8 nT/h, minimum Dst = −247 nT). The common features for the outliers in Figure 1 are the strong initial pulse of Dst during the storms’ sudden commencement. With the initial positive Dst at the start of the main phase, the minimum Dst tends toward less negative values. We have confirmed this explanation by examining ΔDst/Δt as a function of the difference between the initial and minimum Dst, which indeed has a stronger correlation without significant deviations (data not shown).
In order to qualitatively understand further differences between extreme and major storms, the time duration of the storm main phase was compared with minimum Dst values. Notably, the time duration of storms is a critical factor in their impact on thermosphere heating and satellite drag (Oliveira et al., 2020). In Figure 1b, we provide the context needed to not only understand potential differences between extreme and major storms on thermosphere heating and satellite drag, but also elucidates the broader implications of Figure 1a. Despite the variation in the main phase duration for weak storms, overall the duration is around 10 hours. The uniformity of the main phase duration is the underlying reason for the correlation between ΔDst/Δt and minimum Dst.
Next, we investigate the relationship between dDst/dt and solar wind conditions. In Figure 2, we show the scatter plot for dDst/dt and the solar wind electric field, where the hourly dDst/dt(t =
The existing studies about Dst have suggested that the solar wind dynamic pressure (P) and the ring current decay have effects on dDst/dt (e.g., O’Brien and McPherron, 2000; Wang CB et al., 2003), as shown in Equation (1). In order to account for these effects, we follow the model by Wang CB et al., (2003):
| $$ Dst^* = Dst - 7.26 \sqrt{P}+11 \;{\rm{n}}{\rm{T}}, $$ | (2) |
here, P is the solar wind dynamic pressure in nanopascals (nPa).
| $$\begin{split} &Q = - 4.4(E - 0.49) {\left(P/P_{\rm{o}} \right)}^{\gamma } \; {\rm{for}} \;E > 0.49{\rm{mV/m}} \; {\rm{and}} \\ &Q = 0 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ {\rm{for}} \; E < 0.49 \;{\rm{mV/m}}, \end{split}$$ | (3) |
in Equation (3), E represents the y-component of the solar wind electric field, with
| $$ {\tau = 8.70{{\rm{e}}^{(6.6/(6.04 + P))}},\ \ \ \ \ {B_z} \ge 0,} $$ | (4) |
| $$ {\tau = 2.40{{\rm{e}}^{(9.74/(4.69 + E))}},\ \ \ \ {B_z} < 0,} $$ | (5) |
Figure 3 helps illustrate a new correlation between the left and right-hand sides of Equation (1). The skewedness is less evident than that in Figure 2, illustrated by the proximity of the last two median values for left-most subranges to the linear trend line. It is still apparent that the black line representing the median values bends towards the lower extreme values. This in turn suggests that the pressure and decay terms remove some, but not all, of the bias towards more negative Q–Dst*/
Due to the solar wind E-field’s role as a main driver of dDst/dt, we further examine the relationship between the integral of E (int E) during the storm main phase and the minimum Dst. In Figure 4, we illustrate a moderate correlation between the two parameters, though many of the extreme storms depart from the trend line’s predicted values.
The interplanetary magnetic field Bz component is a major parameter of interest for storms and has long been associated with the initiation of the storm main phase (Kokubun, 1972; Gonzalez and Tsurutani, 1987). In Figure 5, we present a correlative picture of minimum Bz vs. minimum Dst, including six additional geomagnetic storms with accessible Bz data to form a dataset of 130 storms. In the weaker range of storms (> −250Dst) within Figure 5, the majority of data points are closely surrounding the linear trend line, however the extreme storms fall further from the trend line. Since the linear coefficient is fairly high, it is evident that there is a trend towards lower minimum Bz components as geomagnetic storms increase in strength. The results in Figures 4 and 5 are consistent with those presented in Gonzalez and Echer (2005). We include such analyses to emphasize the importance of sustained large values of solar wind Ey and southward IMF Bz in producing strong storms, and contrast the differences between these interplanetary measures for extreme and major storms that fall outside the scope of Gonzalez and Echer (2005). Based on the aforementioned graphical results, it is clear that extreme events tend to have more nonlinear correlations, pushing towards far-reaching values.
In this paper, we examined the statistical relationships between driving interplanetary factors and Dst variations to differentiate the characteristics of extreme and major geomagnetic storms during the main phase. While strong correlations were observed in this study, extreme geomagnetic storms distinguish themselves in every factor of interest. In the case of ΔDst/Δt in relation to minimum Dst, extreme storms tend to exhibit much higher rates during their main phase than their major storm counterparts. For the relation of solar wind E and dDst/dt, driving E is much stronger than the linearly predicted E for extreme storms even after adjusting for pressure and decay rates, indicating that the solar wind electric field is less efficient in driving dDst/dt for extreme storms. The minimum Dst is correlated with the integral of E and the minimum Bz; however, the extreme storms tend to have more negative Dst than the trend for major storms.
Our results indicate that during storms with major to extreme strengths, the magnetosphere response as an integrated system must be better understood to obtain more accurate storm predictions. In previous studies such as Wang CB et al., (2003), a uniform relationship between dDst/dt and solar wind conditions was obtained for all storms, whereas our study points out the necessity to consider qualitative differences between major and extreme storms. For example, our finding that the solar wind electric field is less efficient in driving dDst/dt for extreme storms can have important bearing on how the magnetosphere handles the increased energy input during extreme storms. The solar wind energy input to the magnetosphere is mainly through dayside reconnection, while the polar cap potential associated with the dayside reconnection rate tends to exhibit saturations at large values of the solar wind electric field, possibly related to the effects of ionosphere outflow (e.g., Borovsky and Birn, 2014; Dorelli, 2019). In other words, the increasing rate of energy input through dayside reconnection could be regulated in part by the ionosphere and consequently affect ring current variations. One of the key implications is that the extreme-storm impact on the polar ionosphere is immediate and should be better quantified as part of the magnetosphere’s response to extreme solar driving, in addition to Dst.
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1957-03-02 | −255 | Extreme | 1957-03-02/00:00:00 | 1957-03-02/08:00:00 |
| 1957-09-05 | −324 | Extreme | 1957-09-04/14:00:00 | 1957-09-05/04:00:00 |
| 1957-09-13 | −427 | Extreme | 1957-09-13/02:00:00 | 1957-09-13/11:00:00 |
| 1958-02-11 | −426 | Extreme | 1958-02-11/04:00:00 | 1958-02-11/12:00:00 |
| 1958-07-08 | −330 | Extreme | 1958-07-08/10:00:00 | 1958-07-08/23:00:00 |
| 1958-09-04 | −302 | Extreme | 1958-09-04/14:00:00 | 1958-09-04/23:00:00 |
| 1959-07-15 | −429 | Extreme | 1959-07-15/09:00:00 | 1959-07-15/20:00:00 |
| 1960-04-01 | −327 | Extreme | 1960-04-01/09:00:00 | 1960-04-01/19:00:00 |
| 1960-04-30 | −325 | Extreme | 1960-04-30/13:00:00 | 1960-04-30/19:00:00 |
| 1960-10-07 | −287 | Extreme | 1960-10-06/10:00:00 | 1960-10-07/01:00:00 |
| 1960-11-13 | −339 | Extreme | 1960-11-12/22:00:00 | 1960-11-13/10:00:00 |
| 1961-10-28 | −272 | Extreme | 1961-10-28/10:00:00 | 1961-10-28/19:00:00 |
| 1967-05-26 | −383 | Extreme | 1967-05-25/11:00:00 | 1967-05-26/05:00:00 |
| 1970-03-09 | −284 | Extreme | 1970-03-08/14:00:00 | 1970-03-08/22:00:00 |
| 1981-04-13 | −311 | Extreme | 1981-04-12/22:00:00 | 1981-04-13/07:00:00 |
| 1982-07-14 | −325 | Extreme | 1982-07-13/15:00:00 | 1982-07-14/01:00:00 |
| 1982-09-06 | −289 | Extreme | 1982-09-05/22:00:00 | 1982-09-06/11:00:00 |
| 1986-02-08 | −307 | Extreme | 1986-02-08/18:00:00 | 1986-02-09/01:00:00 |
| 1989-03-14 | −589 | Extreme | 1989-03-13/09:00:00 | 1989-03-14/01:00:00 |
| 1989-09-19 | −255 | Extreme | 1989-09-18/17:00:00 | 1989-09-19/04:00:00 |
| 1989-10-21 | −267 | Extreme | 1989-10-20/09:00:00 | 1989-10-21/16:00:00 |
| 1989-11-17 | −266 | Extreme | 1989-11-17/08:00:00 | 1989-11-17/22:00:00 |
| 1990-04-10 | −281 | Extreme | 1990-04-09/21:00:00 | 1990-04-10/18:00:00 |
| 1991-03-25 | −298 | Extreme | 1991-03-24/03:00:00 | 1991-03-25/00:00:00 |
| 1991-10-29 | −254 | Extreme | 1991-10-28/10:00:00 | 1991-10-29/07:00:00 |
| 1991-11-09 | −354 | Extreme | 1991-11-08/12:00:00 | 1991-11-09/02:00:00 |
| 1992-05-10 | −288 | Extreme | 1992-05-09/19:00:00 | 1992-05-10/14:00:00 |
| 2000-04-07 | −296 | Extreme | 2000-04-06/15:00:00 | 2000-04-07/00:00:00 |
| 2000-07-15 | −301 | Extreme | 2000-07-15/14:00:00 | 2000-07-16/01:00:00 |
| 2001-03-31 | −387 | Extreme | 2001-03-31/02:00:00 | 2001-03-31/09:00:00 |
| 2001-04-11 | −271 | Extreme | 2001-04-11/15:00:00 | 2001-04-11/23:00:00 |
| 2001-11-06 | −292 | Extreme | 2001-11-05/18:00:00 | 2001-11-06/07:00:00 |
| 2003-10-29 | −353 | Extreme | 2003-10-29/05:00:00 | 2003-10-30/00:00:00 |
| 2003-10-30 | −383 | Extreme | 2003-10-30/16:00:00 | 2003-10-30/22:00:00 |
| 2003-11-20 | −422 | Extreme | 2003-11-20/08:00:00 | 2003-11-20/21:00:00 |
| 2004-11-07 | −374 | Extreme | 2004-11-07/18:00:00 | 2004-11-08/06:00:00 |
| 2004-11-10 | −263 | Extreme | 2004-11-10/00:00:00 | 2004-11-10/10:00:00 |
| 1957-01-21 | −250 | Major | 1957-01-21/14:00:00 | 1957-01-21/23:00:00 |
| 1957-09-29 | −246 | Major | 1957-09-29/12:00:00 | 1957-09-29/17:00:00 |
| 1963-09-23 | −236 | Major | 1963-09-22/18:00:00 | 1963-09-23/01:00:00 |
| 1967-01-14 | −160 | Major | 1967-01-13/12:00:00 | 1967-01-14/06:00:00 |
| 1967-02-07 | −120 | Major | 1967-02-07/14:00:00 | 1967-02-07/23:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Continued | ||||
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1967-02-16 | −130 | Major | 1967-02-16/08:00:00 | 1967-02-16/13:00:00 |
| 1967-12-31 | −109 | Major | 1967-12-30/15:00:00 | 1967-12-31/21:00:00 |
| 1968-02-11 | −124 | Major | 1968-02-10/16:00:00 | 1968-02-11/11:00:00 |
| 1968-04-05 | −112 | Major | 1968-04-05/16:00:00 | 1968-04-05/21:00:00 |
| 1968-10-31 | −224 | Major | 1968-10-31/09:00:00 | 1968-10-31/18:00:00 |
| 1969-02-02 | −186 | Major | 1969-02-02/15:00:00 | 1969-02-02/22:00:00 |
| 1969-02-11 | −136 | Major | 1969-02-10/21:00:00 | 1969-02-11/18:00:00 |
| 1969-03-24 | −228 | Major | 1969-03-23/13:00:00 | 1969-03-24/01:00:00 |
| 1970-08-17 | −181 | Major | 1970-08-16/21:00:00 | 1970-08-17/08:00:00 |
| 1971-04-15 | −143 | Major | 1971-04-14/13:00:00 | 1971-04-15/01:00:00 |
| 1971-12-17 | −171 | Major | 1971-12-17/15:00:00 | 1971-12-17/20:00:00 |
| 1972-06-18 | −190 | Major | 1972-06-17/19:00:00 | 1972-06-18/03:00:00 |
| 1972-08-09 | −154 | Major | 1972-08-09/02:00:00 | 1972-08-09/11:00:00 |
| 1972-09-14 | −146 | Major | 1972-09-13/11:00:00 | 1972-09-14/06:00:00 |
| 1972-11-01 | −199 | Major | 1972-10-31/17:00:00 | 1972-11-01/08:00:00 |
| 1973-02-21 | −121 | Major | 1973-02-21/13:00:00 | 1973-02-21/22:00:00 |
| 1973-04-01 | −211 | Major | 1973-04-01/12:00:00 | 1973-04-01/22:00:00 |
| 1973-04-14 | −134 | Major | 1973-04-14/05:00:00 | 1973-04-14/11:00:00 |
| 1974-07-06 | −204 | Major | 1974-07-06/03:00:00 | 1974-07-06/06:00:00 |
| 1976-01-10 | −156 | Major | 1976-01-10/12:00:00 | 1976-01-10/23:00:00 |
| 1976-03-26 | −226 | Major | 1976-03-25/21:00:00 | 1976-03-26/08:00:00 |
| 1976-04-01 | −218 | Major | 1976-04-01/02:00:00 | 1976-04-01/08:00:00 |
| 1977-12-11 | −112 | Major | 1977-12-10/22:00:00 | 1977-12-11/11:00:00 |
| 1978-08-28 | −226 | Major | 1978-08-27/17:00:00 | 1978-08-28/10:00:00 |
| 1978-09-29 | −210 | Major | 1978-09-29/02:00:00 | 1978-09-29/09:00:00 |
| 1978-11-25 | −149 | Major | 1978-11-25/12:00:00 | 1978-11-25/18:00:00 |
| 1979-02-22 | −107 | Major | 1979-02-21/16:00:00 | 1979-02-21/21:00:00 |
| 1979-03-10 | −140 | Major | 1979-03-10/17:00:00 | 1979-03-10/23:00:00 |
| 1979-03-29 | −122 | Major | 1979-03-29/03:00:00 | 1979-03-29/21:00:00 |
| 1979-04-04 | −202 | Major | 1979-04-03/14:00:00 | 1979-04-04/04:00:00 |
| 1979-04-25 | −149 | Major | 1979-04-25/00:00:00 | 1979-04-25/14:00:00 |
| 1979-08-29 | −140 | Major | 1979-08-29/00:00:00 | 1979-08-29/18:00:00 |
| 1980-05-25 | −126 | Major | 1980-05-25/03:00:00 | 1980-05-25/13:00:00 |
| 1980-12-19 | −240 | Major | 1980-12-19/11:00:00 | 1980-12-19/18:00:00 |
| 1981-03-05 | −215 | Major | 1981-03-05/05:00:00 | 1981-03-05/17:00:00 |
| 1981-05-09 | −119 | Major | 1981-05-09/00:00:00 | 1981-05-09/07:00:00 |
| 1981-05-11 | −137 | Major | 1981-05-10/15:00:00 | 1981-05-11/04:00:00 |
| 1981-05-16 | −119 | Major | 1981-05-16/05:00:00 | 1981-05-16/14:00:00 |
| 1981-05-18 | −118 | Major | 1981-05-17/23:00:00 | 1981-05-18/06:00:00 |
| 1981-07-25 | −226 | Major | 1981-07-25/10:00:00 | 1981-07-25/20:00:00 |
| 1981-10-11 | −113 | Major | 1981-10-10/16:00:00 | 1981-10-11/15:00:00 |
| 1981-10-22 | −177 | Major | 1981-10-22/08:00:00 | 1981-10-22/17:00:00 |
| 1982-02-02 | −112 | Major | 1982-02-02/03:00:00 | 1982-02-02/12:00:00 |
| 1982-02-05 | −111 | Major | 1982-02-04/18:00:00 | 1982-02-05/03:00:00 |
| 1982-02-10 | −105 | Major | 1982-02-10/09:00:00 | 1982-02-10/20:00:00 |
| 1982-03-02 | −211 | Major | 1982-03-01/11:00:00 | 1982-03-02/05:00:00 |
| 1982-04-10 | −137 | Major | 1982-04-10/00:00:00 | 1982-04-10/20:00:00 |
| 1982-11-22 | −112 | Major | 1982-11-21/15:00:00 | 1982-11-22/05:00:00 |
| 1982-11-24 | −197 | Major | 1982-11-24/11:00:00 | 1982-11-24/17:00:00 |
| 1982-12-17 | −106 | Major | 1982-12-15/19:00:00 | 1982-12-17/13:00:00 |
| 1983-01-10 | −213 | Major | 1983-01-09/23:00:00 | 1983-01-10/07:22:00 |
| 1988-01-14 | −147 | Major | 1988-01-14/14:00:00 | 1988-01-14/23:00:00 |
| 1988-04-22 | −109 | Major | 1988-04-21/21:00:00 | 1988-04-22/10:00:00 |
| 1989-04-26 | −127 | Major | 1989-04-25/16:00:00 | 1989-04-26/06:00:00 |
| 1989-08-15 | −147 | Major | 1989-08-14/06:00:00 | 1989-08-15/05:00:00 |
| 1989-08-28 | −152 | Major | 1989-08-28/16:00:00 | 1989-08-29/05:00:00 |
| 1989-11-13 | −131 | Major | 1989-11-12/22:00:00 | 1989-11-13/18:00:00 |
| 1989-12-30 | −103 | Major | 1989-12-29/08:00:00 | 1989-12-30/00:00:00 |
| 1991-08-30 | −107 | Major | 1991-08-30/06:00:00 | 1991-08-30/21:00:00 |
| 1991-11-01 | −196 | Major | 1991-11-01/11:00:00 | 1991-11-01/23:00:00 |
| 1991-11-21 | −139 | Major | 1991-11-21/01:00:00 | 1991-11-22/01:00:00 |
| 1993-03-09 | −137 | Major | 1993-03-08/22:00:00 | 1993-03-09/06:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Continued | ||||
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1994-04-17 | −201 | Major | 1994-04-16/23:00:00 | 1994-04-17/08:00:00 |
| 1995-04-07 | −149 | Major | 1995-04-07/01:00:00 | 1995-04-07/16:00:00 |
| 1995-10-18 | −127 | Major | 1995-10-18/12:00:00 | 1995-10-18/23:00:00 |
| 1997-05-15 | −115 | Major | 1997-05-15/02:00:00 | 1997-05-15/12:00:00 |
| 1997-10-11 | −130 | Major | 1997-10-10/17:00:00 | 1997-10-11/03:00:00 |
| 1997-11-23 | −108 | Major | 1997-11-22/20:00:00 | 1997-11-23/06:00:00 |
| 1998-05-04 | −205 | Major | 1998-05-04/02:00:00 | 1998-05-04/05:00:00 |
| 1998-09-25 | −207 | Major | 1998-09-24/23:00:00 | 1998-09-25/09:00:00 |
| 2000-08-12 | −235 | Major | 2000-08-12/00:00:00 | 2000-08-12/09:00:00 |
| 2001-08-17 | −105 | Major | 2001-08-17/11:00:00 | 2001-08-17/21:00:00 |
| 2001-09-26 | −102 | Major | 2001-09-25/19:00:00 | 2001-09-26/01:00:00 |
| 2001-10-01 | −148 | Major | 2001-09-30/21:00:00 | 2001-10-01/08:00:00 |
| 2001-10-03 | −166 | Major | 2001-10-03/05:00:00 | 2001-10-03/14:00:00 |
| 2001-10-21 | −187 | Major | 2001-10-21/15:00:00 | 2001-10-21/21:00:00 |
| 2001-10-28 | −157 | Major | 2001-10-28/03:00:00 | 2001-10-28/11:00:00 |
| 2001-11-24 | −221 | Major | 2001-11-24/05:00:00 | 2001-11-24/17:00:00 |
| 2002-04-18 | −127 | Major | 2002-04-17/10:00:00 | 2002-04-18/08:00:00 |
| 2002-04-20 | −149 | Major | 2002-04-19/08:00:00 | 2002-04-20/08:00:00 |
| 2002-05-11 | −110 | Major | 2002-05-11/09:00:00 | 2002-05-11/19:00:00 |
| 2002-05-23 | −109 | Major | 2002-05-23/10:00:00 | 2002-05-23/17:00:00 |
| 2002-08-02 | −102 | Major | 2002-08-01/22:00:00 | 2002-08-02/05:00:00 |
| 2002-08-21 | −106 | Major | 2002-08-20/16:00:00 | 2002-08-21/06:00:00 |
| 2002-09-03 | −109 | Major | 2002-09-03/18:00:00 | 2002-09-04/05:00:00 |
| 2002-09-08 | −181 | Major | 2002-09-07/13:00:00 | 2002-09-08/00:00:00 |
| 2002 -10-01 | −162 | Major | 2002-10-01/04:00:00 | 2002-10-01/16:00:00 |
| 2002-10-04 | −146 | Major | 2002-10-03/08:00:00 | 2002-10-04/08:00:00 |
| 2002-10-07 | −115 | Major | 2002-10-07/00:00:00 | 2002-10-07/07:00:00 |
| 2002-11-21 | −128 | Major | 2002-11-21/01:00:00 | 2002-11-21/10:00:00 |
| 2003-05-30 | −144 | Major | 2003-05-29/12:00:00 | 2003-05-29/23:00:00 |
| 2003-06-18 | −141 | Major | 2003-06-18/01:00:00 | 2003-06-18/09:00:00 |
| 2003-07-12 | −105 | Major | 2003-07-10/17:00:00 | 2003-07-12/05:00:00 |
| 2003-08-18 | −148 | Major | 2003-08-17/13:00:00 | 2003-08-18/15:00:00 |
| 2004-01-22 | −130 | Major | 2004-01-22/01:00:00 | 2004-01-22/13:00:00 |
| 2004-04-03 | −117 | Major | 2004-04-03/13:00:00 | 2004-04-04/00:00:00 |
| 2004-07-25 | −136 | Major | 2004-07-24/05:00:00 | 2004-07-25/16:00:00 |
| 2004-07-27 | −150 | Major | 2004-07-26/21:00:00 | 2004-07-27/13:00:00 |
| 2004-08-30 | −129 | Major | 2004-08-30/00:00:00 | 2004-08-30/22:00:00 |
| 2005-01-18 | −103 | Major | 2005-01-17/14:00:00 | 2005-01-18/08:00:00 |
| 2005-05-08 | −106 | Major | 2005-05-07/18:00:00 | 2005-05-08/18:00:00 |
| 2005-05-15 | −247 | Major | 2005-05-15/02:00:00 | 2005-05-15/08:00:00 |
| 2005-05-30 | −113 | Major | 2005-05-29/21:00:00 | 2005-05-30/13:00:00 |
| 2005-06-12 | −106 | Major | 2005-06-12/16:00:00 | 2005-06-13/00:00:00 |
| 2005-08-24 | −184 | Major | 2005-08-24/05:00:00 | 2005-08-24/11:00:00 |
| 2005-08-31 | −122 | Major | 2005-08-31/11:00:00 | 2005-08-31/19:00:00 |
| 2005-09-11 | −139 | Major | 2005-09-11/01:00:00 | 2005-09-11/10:00:00 |
| 2006-12-15 | −162 | Major | 2006-12-14/13:00:00 | 2006-12-15/07:00:00 |
| 2011-08-05 | −115 | Major | 2011-08-05/18:00:00 | 2011-08-06/03:00:00 |
| 2011-09-26 | −118 | Major | 2011-09-26/12:00:00 | 2011-09-26/23:00:00 |
| 2011-10-24 | −147 | Major | 2011-10-24/18:00:00 | 2011-10-25/02:00:00 |
| 2012-03-09 | −145 | Major | 2012-03-08/10:00:00 | 2012-03-09/08:00:00 |
| 2012-04-24 | −120 | Major | 2012-04-23/03:00:00 | 2012-04-24/04:00:00 |
| 2012-07-15 | −139 | Major | 2012-07-14/23:00:00 | 2012-07-15/16:00:00 |
| 2012-10-01 | −122 | Major | 2012-09-30/12:00:00 | 2012-10-01/04:00:00 |
| 2012-10-09 | −109 | Major | 2012-10-08/04:00:00 | 2012-10-09/08:00:00 |
| 2012-11-14 | −108 | Major | 2012-11-13/17:00:00 | 2012-11-14/07:00:00 |
| 2013-03-17 | −132 | Major | 2013-03-17/05:00:00 | 013-03-17/20:00:00 |
| 2013-06-01 | −124 | Major | 2013-05-31/23:00:00 | 2013-06-01/08:00:00 |
| 2014-02-19 | −119 | Major | 2014-02-18/13:00:00 | 2014-02-19/08:00:00 |
| 2015-03-17 | −222 | Major | 2015-03-17/04:00:00 | 2015-03-17/22:00:00 |
| 2015-06-23 | −204 | Major | 2015-06-22/17:00:00 | 2015-06-23/04:00:00 |
| 2015-10-07 | −124 | Major | 2015-10-07/01:00:00 | 2015-10-07/22:00:00 |
| 2015-12-21 | −155 | Major | 2015-12-19/22:00:00 | 2015-12-20/22:00:00 |
| 2016-10-13 | −103 | Major | 2016-10-13/02:00:00 | 2016-10-13/23:00:00 |
| 2017-05-28 | −125 | Major | 2017-05-27/20:00:00 | 2017-05-28/07:00:00 |
| 2017-09-08 | −124 | Major | 2017-09-07/20:00:00 | 2017-09-08/01:00:00 |
| 2018-08-26 | −174 | Major | 2018-08-25/12:00:00 | 2018-08-26/07:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
The work is supported by NSF grant AGS-1619584. Dst data are sourced from the World-Data Center for Geomagnetism-Kyoto (http://wdc.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/); solar wind parameters are obtained from the OMNI dataset and ACE spacecraft measurements (https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html/).
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Borovsky, J. E., and Birn, J. (2014). The solar wind electric field does not control the dayside reconnection rate. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 119(2), 751–760. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA019193
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Figures(5) / Tables(3)
Supported by: Beijing Renhe Information Technology Co., Ltd. 
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1957-03-02 | −255 | Extreme | 1957-03-02/00:00:00 | 1957-03-02/08:00:00 |
| 1957-09-05 | −324 | Extreme | 1957-09-04/14:00:00 | 1957-09-05/04:00:00 |
| 1957-09-13 | −427 | Extreme | 1957-09-13/02:00:00 | 1957-09-13/11:00:00 |
| 1958-02-11 | −426 | Extreme | 1958-02-11/04:00:00 | 1958-02-11/12:00:00 |
| 1958-07-08 | −330 | Extreme | 1958-07-08/10:00:00 | 1958-07-08/23:00:00 |
| 1958-09-04 | −302 | Extreme | 1958-09-04/14:00:00 | 1958-09-04/23:00:00 |
| 1959-07-15 | −429 | Extreme | 1959-07-15/09:00:00 | 1959-07-15/20:00:00 |
| 1960-04-01 | −327 | Extreme | 1960-04-01/09:00:00 | 1960-04-01/19:00:00 |
| 1960-04-30 | −325 | Extreme | 1960-04-30/13:00:00 | 1960-04-30/19:00:00 |
| 1960-10-07 | −287 | Extreme | 1960-10-06/10:00:00 | 1960-10-07/01:00:00 |
| 1960-11-13 | −339 | Extreme | 1960-11-12/22:00:00 | 1960-11-13/10:00:00 |
| 1961-10-28 | −272 | Extreme | 1961-10-28/10:00:00 | 1961-10-28/19:00:00 |
| 1967-05-26 | −383 | Extreme | 1967-05-25/11:00:00 | 1967-05-26/05:00:00 |
| 1970-03-09 | −284 | Extreme | 1970-03-08/14:00:00 | 1970-03-08/22:00:00 |
| 1981-04-13 | −311 | Extreme | 1981-04-12/22:00:00 | 1981-04-13/07:00:00 |
| 1982-07-14 | −325 | Extreme | 1982-07-13/15:00:00 | 1982-07-14/01:00:00 |
| 1982-09-06 | −289 | Extreme | 1982-09-05/22:00:00 | 1982-09-06/11:00:00 |
| 1986-02-08 | −307 | Extreme | 1986-02-08/18:00:00 | 1986-02-09/01:00:00 |
| 1989-03-14 | −589 | Extreme | 1989-03-13/09:00:00 | 1989-03-14/01:00:00 |
| 1989-09-19 | −255 | Extreme | 1989-09-18/17:00:00 | 1989-09-19/04:00:00 |
| 1989-10-21 | −267 | Extreme | 1989-10-20/09:00:00 | 1989-10-21/16:00:00 |
| 1989-11-17 | −266 | Extreme | 1989-11-17/08:00:00 | 1989-11-17/22:00:00 |
| 1990-04-10 | −281 | Extreme | 1990-04-09/21:00:00 | 1990-04-10/18:00:00 |
| 1991-03-25 | −298 | Extreme | 1991-03-24/03:00:00 | 1991-03-25/00:00:00 |
| 1991-10-29 | −254 | Extreme | 1991-10-28/10:00:00 | 1991-10-29/07:00:00 |
| 1991-11-09 | −354 | Extreme | 1991-11-08/12:00:00 | 1991-11-09/02:00:00 |
| 1992-05-10 | −288 | Extreme | 1992-05-09/19:00:00 | 1992-05-10/14:00:00 |
| 2000-04-07 | −296 | Extreme | 2000-04-06/15:00:00 | 2000-04-07/00:00:00 |
| 2000-07-15 | −301 | Extreme | 2000-07-15/14:00:00 | 2000-07-16/01:00:00 |
| 2001-03-31 | −387 | Extreme | 2001-03-31/02:00:00 | 2001-03-31/09:00:00 |
| 2001-04-11 | −271 | Extreme | 2001-04-11/15:00:00 | 2001-04-11/23:00:00 |
| 2001-11-06 | −292 | Extreme | 2001-11-05/18:00:00 | 2001-11-06/07:00:00 |
| 2003-10-29 | −353 | Extreme | 2003-10-29/05:00:00 | 2003-10-30/00:00:00 |
| 2003-10-30 | −383 | Extreme | 2003-10-30/16:00:00 | 2003-10-30/22:00:00 |
| 2003-11-20 | −422 | Extreme | 2003-11-20/08:00:00 | 2003-11-20/21:00:00 |
| 2004-11-07 | −374 | Extreme | 2004-11-07/18:00:00 | 2004-11-08/06:00:00 |
| 2004-11-10 | −263 | Extreme | 2004-11-10/00:00:00 | 2004-11-10/10:00:00 |
| 1957-01-21 | −250 | Major | 1957-01-21/14:00:00 | 1957-01-21/23:00:00 |
| 1957-09-29 | −246 | Major | 1957-09-29/12:00:00 | 1957-09-29/17:00:00 |
| 1963-09-23 | −236 | Major | 1963-09-22/18:00:00 | 1963-09-23/01:00:00 |
| 1967-01-14 | −160 | Major | 1967-01-13/12:00:00 | 1967-01-14/06:00:00 |
| 1967-02-07 | −120 | Major | 1967-02-07/14:00:00 | 1967-02-07/23:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Continued | ||||
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1967-02-16 | −130 | Major | 1967-02-16/08:00:00 | 1967-02-16/13:00:00 |
| 1967-12-31 | −109 | Major | 1967-12-30/15:00:00 | 1967-12-31/21:00:00 |
| 1968-02-11 | −124 | Major | 1968-02-10/16:00:00 | 1968-02-11/11:00:00 |
| 1968-04-05 | −112 | Major | 1968-04-05/16:00:00 | 1968-04-05/21:00:00 |
| 1968-10-31 | −224 | Major | 1968-10-31/09:00:00 | 1968-10-31/18:00:00 |
| 1969-02-02 | −186 | Major | 1969-02-02/15:00:00 | 1969-02-02/22:00:00 |
| 1969-02-11 | −136 | Major | 1969-02-10/21:00:00 | 1969-02-11/18:00:00 |
| 1969-03-24 | −228 | Major | 1969-03-23/13:00:00 | 1969-03-24/01:00:00 |
| 1970-08-17 | −181 | Major | 1970-08-16/21:00:00 | 1970-08-17/08:00:00 |
| 1971-04-15 | −143 | Major | 1971-04-14/13:00:00 | 1971-04-15/01:00:00 |
| 1971-12-17 | −171 | Major | 1971-12-17/15:00:00 | 1971-12-17/20:00:00 |
| 1972-06-18 | −190 | Major | 1972-06-17/19:00:00 | 1972-06-18/03:00:00 |
| 1972-08-09 | −154 | Major | 1972-08-09/02:00:00 | 1972-08-09/11:00:00 |
| 1972-09-14 | −146 | Major | 1972-09-13/11:00:00 | 1972-09-14/06:00:00 |
| 1972-11-01 | −199 | Major | 1972-10-31/17:00:00 | 1972-11-01/08:00:00 |
| 1973-02-21 | −121 | Major | 1973-02-21/13:00:00 | 1973-02-21/22:00:00 |
| 1973-04-01 | −211 | Major | 1973-04-01/12:00:00 | 1973-04-01/22:00:00 |
| 1973-04-14 | −134 | Major | 1973-04-14/05:00:00 | 1973-04-14/11:00:00 |
| 1974-07-06 | −204 | Major | 1974-07-06/03:00:00 | 1974-07-06/06:00:00 |
| 1976-01-10 | −156 | Major | 1976-01-10/12:00:00 | 1976-01-10/23:00:00 |
| 1976-03-26 | −226 | Major | 1976-03-25/21:00:00 | 1976-03-26/08:00:00 |
| 1976-04-01 | −218 | Major | 1976-04-01/02:00:00 | 1976-04-01/08:00:00 |
| 1977-12-11 | −112 | Major | 1977-12-10/22:00:00 | 1977-12-11/11:00:00 |
| 1978-08-28 | −226 | Major | 1978-08-27/17:00:00 | 1978-08-28/10:00:00 |
| 1978-09-29 | −210 | Major | 1978-09-29/02:00:00 | 1978-09-29/09:00:00 |
| 1978-11-25 | −149 | Major | 1978-11-25/12:00:00 | 1978-11-25/18:00:00 |
| 1979-02-22 | −107 | Major | 1979-02-21/16:00:00 | 1979-02-21/21:00:00 |
| 1979-03-10 | −140 | Major | 1979-03-10/17:00:00 | 1979-03-10/23:00:00 |
| 1979-03-29 | −122 | Major | 1979-03-29/03:00:00 | 1979-03-29/21:00:00 |
| 1979-04-04 | −202 | Major | 1979-04-03/14:00:00 | 1979-04-04/04:00:00 |
| 1979-04-25 | −149 | Major | 1979-04-25/00:00:00 | 1979-04-25/14:00:00 |
| 1979-08-29 | −140 | Major | 1979-08-29/00:00:00 | 1979-08-29/18:00:00 |
| 1980-05-25 | −126 | Major | 1980-05-25/03:00:00 | 1980-05-25/13:00:00 |
| 1980-12-19 | −240 | Major | 1980-12-19/11:00:00 | 1980-12-19/18:00:00 |
| 1981-03-05 | −215 | Major | 1981-03-05/05:00:00 | 1981-03-05/17:00:00 |
| 1981-05-09 | −119 | Major | 1981-05-09/00:00:00 | 1981-05-09/07:00:00 |
| 1981-05-11 | −137 | Major | 1981-05-10/15:00:00 | 1981-05-11/04:00:00 |
| 1981-05-16 | −119 | Major | 1981-05-16/05:00:00 | 1981-05-16/14:00:00 |
| 1981-05-18 | −118 | Major | 1981-05-17/23:00:00 | 1981-05-18/06:00:00 |
| 1981-07-25 | −226 | Major | 1981-07-25/10:00:00 | 1981-07-25/20:00:00 |
| 1981-10-11 | −113 | Major | 1981-10-10/16:00:00 | 1981-10-11/15:00:00 |
| 1981-10-22 | −177 | Major | 1981-10-22/08:00:00 | 1981-10-22/17:00:00 |
| 1982-02-02 | −112 | Major | 1982-02-02/03:00:00 | 1982-02-02/12:00:00 |
| 1982-02-05 | −111 | Major | 1982-02-04/18:00:00 | 1982-02-05/03:00:00 |
| 1982-02-10 | −105 | Major | 1982-02-10/09:00:00 | 1982-02-10/20:00:00 |
| 1982-03-02 | −211 | Major | 1982-03-01/11:00:00 | 1982-03-02/05:00:00 |
| 1982-04-10 | −137 | Major | 1982-04-10/00:00:00 | 1982-04-10/20:00:00 |
| 1982-11-22 | −112 | Major | 1982-11-21/15:00:00 | 1982-11-22/05:00:00 |
| 1982-11-24 | −197 | Major | 1982-11-24/11:00:00 | 1982-11-24/17:00:00 |
| 1982-12-17 | −106 | Major | 1982-12-15/19:00:00 | 1982-12-17/13:00:00 |
| 1983-01-10 | −213 | Major | 1983-01-09/23:00:00 | 1983-01-10/07:22:00 |
| 1988-01-14 | −147 | Major | 1988-01-14/14:00:00 | 1988-01-14/23:00:00 |
| 1988-04-22 | −109 | Major | 1988-04-21/21:00:00 | 1988-04-22/10:00:00 |
| 1989-04-26 | −127 | Major | 1989-04-25/16:00:00 | 1989-04-26/06:00:00 |
| 1989-08-15 | −147 | Major | 1989-08-14/06:00:00 | 1989-08-15/05:00:00 |
| 1989-08-28 | −152 | Major | 1989-08-28/16:00:00 | 1989-08-29/05:00:00 |
| 1989-11-13 | −131 | Major | 1989-11-12/22:00:00 | 1989-11-13/18:00:00 |
| 1989-12-30 | −103 | Major | 1989-12-29/08:00:00 | 1989-12-30/00:00:00 |
| 1991-08-30 | −107 | Major | 1991-08-30/06:00:00 | 1991-08-30/21:00:00 |
| 1991-11-01 | −196 | Major | 1991-11-01/11:00:00 | 1991-11-01/23:00:00 |
| 1991-11-21 | −139 | Major | 1991-11-21/01:00:00 | 1991-11-22/01:00:00 |
| 1993-03-09 | −137 | Major | 1993-03-08/22:00:00 | 1993-03-09/06:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
| Continued | ||||
| Date of Storm | Minimum DST | Classification | MP Start Time | MP End Time |
| 1994-04-17 | −201 | Major | 1994-04-16/23:00:00 | 1994-04-17/08:00:00 |
| 1995-04-07 | −149 | Major | 1995-04-07/01:00:00 | 1995-04-07/16:00:00 |
| 1995-10-18 | −127 | Major | 1995-10-18/12:00:00 | 1995-10-18/23:00:00 |
| 1997-05-15 | −115 | Major | 1997-05-15/02:00:00 | 1997-05-15/12:00:00 |
| 1997-10-11 | −130 | Major | 1997-10-10/17:00:00 | 1997-10-11/03:00:00 |
| 1997-11-23 | −108 | Major | 1997-11-22/20:00:00 | 1997-11-23/06:00:00 |
| 1998-05-04 | −205 | Major | 1998-05-04/02:00:00 | 1998-05-04/05:00:00 |
| 1998-09-25 | −207 | Major | 1998-09-24/23:00:00 | 1998-09-25/09:00:00 |
| 2000-08-12 | −235 | Major | 2000-08-12/00:00:00 | 2000-08-12/09:00:00 |
| 2001-08-17 | −105 | Major | 2001-08-17/11:00:00 | 2001-08-17/21:00:00 |
| 2001-09-26 | −102 | Major | 2001-09-25/19:00:00 | 2001-09-26/01:00:00 |
| 2001-10-01 | −148 | Major | 2001-09-30/21:00:00 | 2001-10-01/08:00:00 |
| 2001-10-03 | −166 | Major | 2001-10-03/05:00:00 | 2001-10-03/14:00:00 |
| 2001-10-21 | −187 | Major | 2001-10-21/15:00:00 | 2001-10-21/21:00:00 |
| 2001-10-28 | −157 | Major | 2001-10-28/03:00:00 | 2001-10-28/11:00:00 |
| 2001-11-24 | −221 | Major | 2001-11-24/05:00:00 | 2001-11-24/17:00:00 |
| 2002-04-18 | −127 | Major | 2002-04-17/10:00:00 | 2002-04-18/08:00:00 |
| 2002-04-20 | −149 | Major | 2002-04-19/08:00:00 | 2002-04-20/08:00:00 |
| 2002-05-11 | −110 | Major | 2002-05-11/09:00:00 | 2002-05-11/19:00:00 |
| 2002-05-23 | −109 | Major | 2002-05-23/10:00:00 | 2002-05-23/17:00:00 |
| 2002-08-02 | −102 | Major | 2002-08-01/22:00:00 | 2002-08-02/05:00:00 |
| 2002-08-21 | −106 | Major | 2002-08-20/16:00:00 | 2002-08-21/06:00:00 |
| 2002-09-03 | −109 | Major | 2002-09-03/18:00:00 | 2002-09-04/05:00:00 |
| 2002-09-08 | −181 | Major | 2002-09-07/13:00:00 | 2002-09-08/00:00:00 |
| 2002 -10-01 | −162 | Major | 2002-10-01/04:00:00 | 2002-10-01/16:00:00 |
| 2002-10-04 | −146 | Major | 2002-10-03/08:00:00 | 2002-10-04/08:00:00 |
| 2002-10-07 | −115 | Major | 2002-10-07/00:00:00 | 2002-10-07/07:00:00 |
| 2002-11-21 | −128 | Major | 2002-11-21/01:00:00 | 2002-11-21/10:00:00 |
| 2003-05-30 | −144 | Major | 2003-05-29/12:00:00 | 2003-05-29/23:00:00 |
| 2003-06-18 | −141 | Major | 2003-06-18/01:00:00 | 2003-06-18/09:00:00 |
| 2003-07-12 | −105 | Major | 2003-07-10/17:00:00 | 2003-07-12/05:00:00 |
| 2003-08-18 | −148 | Major | 2003-08-17/13:00:00 | 2003-08-18/15:00:00 |
| 2004-01-22 | −130 | Major | 2004-01-22/01:00:00 | 2004-01-22/13:00:00 |
| 2004-04-03 | −117 | Major | 2004-04-03/13:00:00 | 2004-04-04/00:00:00 |
| 2004-07-25 | −136 | Major | 2004-07-24/05:00:00 | 2004-07-25/16:00:00 |
| 2004-07-27 | −150 | Major | 2004-07-26/21:00:00 | 2004-07-27/13:00:00 |
| 2004-08-30 | −129 | Major | 2004-08-30/00:00:00 | 2004-08-30/22:00:00 |
| 2005-01-18 | −103 | Major | 2005-01-17/14:00:00 | 2005-01-18/08:00:00 |
| 2005-05-08 | −106 | Major | 2005-05-07/18:00:00 | 2005-05-08/18:00:00 |
| 2005-05-15 | −247 | Major | 2005-05-15/02:00:00 | 2005-05-15/08:00:00 |
| 2005-05-30 | −113 | Major | 2005-05-29/21:00:00 | 2005-05-30/13:00:00 |
| 2005-06-12 | −106 | Major | 2005-06-12/16:00:00 | 2005-06-13/00:00:00 |
| 2005-08-24 | −184 | Major | 2005-08-24/05:00:00 | 2005-08-24/11:00:00 |
| 2005-08-31 | −122 | Major | 2005-08-31/11:00:00 | 2005-08-31/19:00:00 |
| 2005-09-11 | −139 | Major | 2005-09-11/01:00:00 | 2005-09-11/10:00:00 |
| 2006-12-15 | −162 | Major | 2006-12-14/13:00:00 | 2006-12-15/07:00:00 |
| 2011-08-05 | −115 | Major | 2011-08-05/18:00:00 | 2011-08-06/03:00:00 |
| 2011-09-26 | −118 | Major | 2011-09-26/12:00:00 | 2011-09-26/23:00:00 |
| 2011-10-24 | −147 | Major | 2011-10-24/18:00:00 | 2011-10-25/02:00:00 |
| 2012-03-09 | −145 | Major | 2012-03-08/10:00:00 | 2012-03-09/08:00:00 |
| 2012-04-24 | −120 | Major | 2012-04-23/03:00:00 | 2012-04-24/04:00:00 |
| 2012-07-15 | −139 | Major | 2012-07-14/23:00:00 | 2012-07-15/16:00:00 |
| 2012-10-01 | −122 | Major | 2012-09-30/12:00:00 | 2012-10-01/04:00:00 |
| 2012-10-09 | −109 | Major | 2012-10-08/04:00:00 | 2012-10-09/08:00:00 |
| 2012-11-14 | −108 | Major | 2012-11-13/17:00:00 | 2012-11-14/07:00:00 |
| 2013-03-17 | −132 | Major | 2013-03-17/05:00:00 | 013-03-17/20:00:00 |
| 2013-06-01 | −124 | Major | 2013-05-31/23:00:00 | 2013-06-01/08:00:00 |
| 2014-02-19 | −119 | Major | 2014-02-18/13:00:00 | 2014-02-19/08:00:00 |
| 2015-03-17 | −222 | Major | 2015-03-17/04:00:00 | 2015-03-17/22:00:00 |
| 2015-06-23 | −204 | Major | 2015-06-22/17:00:00 | 2015-06-23/04:00:00 |
| 2015-10-07 | −124 | Major | 2015-10-07/01:00:00 | 2015-10-07/22:00:00 |
| 2015-12-21 | −155 | Major | 2015-12-19/22:00:00 | 2015-12-20/22:00:00 |
| 2016-10-13 | −103 | Major | 2016-10-13/02:00:00 | 2016-10-13/23:00:00 |
| 2017-05-28 | −125 | Major | 2017-05-27/20:00:00 | 2017-05-28/07:00:00 |
| 2017-09-08 | −124 | Major | 2017-09-07/20:00:00 | 2017-09-08/01:00:00 |
| 2018-08-26 | −174 | Major | 2018-08-25/12:00:00 | 2018-08-26/07:00:00 |
DownLoad:
CSV
